Development history of steel structure building in 1.

The first country to use steel structure in the construction of houses can be traced back to Britain at the end of the 18th century. One hundred years later, French engineer Eiffel built the famous iron tower. People also began to try to build single-family houses with steel structure. Since then, steel structure buildings have completely changed the mode of architectural modeling in the past, and the concept and method of architectural design have also changed accordingly. The early steel structure was only part of the components and accessories made of cast iron and wrought iron. In the 1880 s, the emergence of structural steel accelerated the development of steel structure in construction projects, making steel structure buildings achieve its second theoretical and practical leap and innovative development in the 1960 s. The German Bauhaus School is the birthplace of its theory.

Since the liberation of China in 1949, steel structures have been applied in large-span heavy industrial plants, large public buildings and high-rise structures. Especially in the past 20 years, steel structures have been more widely used in public buildings of civil engineering, such as the roof of Shenyang Taoxian International Airport and the new building project of Beijing Planetarium. At present, China can not only produce various types of construction steel, but also increase the number of new technologies, new processes and new products in steel production, such as the production of color steel pressure plate, color steel composite plate, color steel gusset plate, arched workshop and color steel products, etc, it is proved that the steel structure building has a broad development prospect in our country. Steel structure design Shandong steel structure design Jinan steel structure design www.csteel.cn

Architectural Features of 2. Modern Steel Structure

High degree of (I) pre-engineering, lower construction cost and shorter construction period

The unified standard of steel structure building modulus realizes the large-scale production of building industrialization, improves the pre-engineering of the building, and makes the building components of different materials, different shapes and different manufacturing methods have a certain degree of versatility and interchangeability. At the same time, the pre-engineering of steel structure buildings integrates material processing and installation, greatly reducing the construction cost; and speeds up the construction speed, so that the construction period can be shortened by more than 40%, thus speeding up the capital turnover of real estate developers, so that the building can be put into use earlier.

(II) the integration of design and function of architecture and structure, making the building more functional

In the steel structure building, the structure has become an important factor in the image of the structure of the body, components, nodes from a large extent lead to and restrict the image of the building. Only when the design and function of architecture and structure are integrated can the building be more functional so that the subsequent design links can be carried out and a steel structure building with technology and art can be created. Many of the bidding plans for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games National Stadium reflect this feature of steel structures. For example, the openable scheme designed by the Architectural Design Institute of Tsinghua University sets two semicircular glass top surfaces in the center of the stadium roof, and at the same time rotates and slides in parallel to complete the opening and closing of the big roof. Another example is the appearance of the venue scheme of the China Institute of Architectural Design and Research, which is the structure of the building, with perfect and pure image and perfect unity of function and structure. There is also a folding scheme designed by the Japanese Zhu Shihua Architectural Office, the roof is supported by a cantilever steel frame structure, which can be opened and closed within 30 minutes, ensuring that the competition and activities throughout the year are not affected by the weather.

(III) steel structure buildings can meet the requirements of super height and super span

The steel structure is uniform, close to the isotropic homogeneous body, high strength and high elastic modulus. The ratio of density and strength is much smaller than that of masonry, concrete, wood, and the steel structure has a small weight under the same force, so that it can be made into a structure with a large span and a high height and a flexible structure. At present, human beings have the ability to build super-large domes with spans of more than 1000 meters and super-high-rise buildings with heights of more than 1000 meters and up to 4000 meters. In addition, the combination of steel cable and membrane structure to form a cable-membrane structure system can better meet the requirements of buildings for span, making this type of building a landmark building. For example, the roof of the Playground Stadium in Tokyo, Japan is a cable-membrane structure composed of steel cable and air-bearing membrane, covering an area of 28000 square meters. The landmark London Millennium Dome-a large comprehensive exhibition building built by the British government to welcome the 21st century is also a cable-membrane structure system, with a dome diameter of 320m.

(IV) raw materials can be recycled, contributing to environmental protection and sustainable development

The development of steel structure is of great significance to China, which is short of resources and energy, because China is the largest country of brick masonry and concrete construction in the world. Steel is a high-strength and high-performance material with high recycling value, and the leftover material is also valuable without mold construction. At present, the international eye-catching new residential products have been introduced into China, and its environmental protection and energy saving characteristics are mainly reflected in two aspects:

(1) This type of residence adopts a fully enclosed thermal insulation and moisture-proof system, with small temperature changes and low heat loss. Whether in winter or summer, it has a comfortable living environment. When the outdoor temperature is 0 degrees Celsius, the indoor temperature can still be kept above 17 degrees Celsius; when the outdoor temperature reaches 30 degrees Celsius, the indoor temperature is only about 21 degrees Celsius.

(2) Compared with brick-concrete structure houses, it can save energy by more than 60%, air conditioning equipment in winter and summer can save power consumption by more than 30%, and the waste utilization of the structure is 100. Compared with brick-concrete structure, under the same floor clear height condition, the steel structure maintains a small wall area, saves energy required for air conditioning, and reduces maintenance costs. Steel structure design Shandong steel structure design Jinan steel structure design www.csteel.cn

Design and Technical Performance of 3. Steel Structure Buildings

The key to the successful conception of steel structure building design is technical conception and performance. In the deepening of scheme design, it is necessary to cooperate closely with structural engineers, equipment engineers and even mechanical engineers. At this time, technical performance is a natural thing. Whether it is spatial form, form volume or structural node, it is very important to influence its architectural design and performance. The following is to elaborate this point from several aspects.

(1) Technical performance of steel structure building design

The conception of architectural image is a creative process of conceptual image, one of the difficulties in architectural creation, and one of the core issues of concern in architectural design. Reviewing the development of the relationship between architecture and science and technology since the industrial revolution, we can clearly find the hysteresis of architecture's response to technological change, which reflects the deep position of architecture in social culture and the close relationship between architecture and people's way of life. In addition, the modern information revolution is widely infiltrating and involving every field of social activities, so that modern scientific thinking is integrated into the architectural design, new project planning, architecture and landscape design methods have undergone tremendous changes. The purpose of architectural design has also developed from the pure pursuit of beauty to the pursuit of reasonable solutions to problems, which has fundamentally changed people's previous understanding and design of architecture, and finally affected the traditional architectural concept formed by mankind for thousands of years. For example, high-tech architecture is its main representative, which reflects its superb skills with exquisite nodes and fine processing, design and "manufacture" buildings at a higher level of craftsmanship.

(2) The detailed design of steel structure buildings has higher requirements.

The higher the complexity and refinement of steel structure building design, the higher the requirements for detail design. Because the detailed design determines whether a place is finally confirmed and its quality. In modern steel structure buildings, all kinds of metal structural members and the node details connecting the metal members are often exposed, which makes the building have a strong sense of science and technology. For example, the Pompidou Art and Culture Center in Paris, built in 1977, has exposed its steel columns, steel beams, trusses and other structural members, which not only reflects the technical beauty, but also reflects human wisdom and ability. Therefore, it is very important for steel structure buildings to maintain high design requirements for detail quality, and should be paid special attention to in steel structure buildings.

(3) Architectural planning is also a factor influencing the design and performance of steel structure buildings.

Because the steel structure building design has the general attribute of architectural design, the architect is not doing the design at will, and the owner's design task book plays an important role in the architect's plane and design concept. Clients want designers to perform better and want designers and market experts to be more efficient in the decision-making process of determining their final product. At this stage, the construction project more emphasis on the overall design, more emphasis on the coordination between professional designers, market experts and developers, the design process includes the continuous exchange and integration of information and knowledge. In addition, the specialization of steel structure buildings can not only provide a wealth of design knowledge, but also effectively integrate design resources and market experts to be responsible for the construction, so that the design and the owner's business intentions can be effectively combined to make the project profitable and reduce risks.

4. Problems in Architectural Design of Modern Steel Structure

Fire Prevention Problems of Architectural Design in (I) Steel Structure

Fire is the greatest hazard to steel structure buildings. Although steel is a non-combustible material, steel is not fire-resistant. When the temperature is 400 degrees, the yield strength of steel will drop to half of the strength at room temperature. When the temperature reaches 600 degrees, the steel will basically lose all its strength and rigidity. Therefore, when the building adopts steel structure without fire protection measures, once a fire occurs, it is easy to damage the building, for example, the outer wall of the World Trade Center building in the United States is densely lined with steel columns, and the outer wall is made of silver aluminum plates. In the 911 incident in the United States, the two towers were hit by planes respectively, which softened the steel and eventually led to the collapse of the building. Two kinds of phenomena can be found from the fire cases of steel structure buildings. One kind is that the steel structure with fire protection does not reach the specified fire resistance time and is destroyed in the fire, and the other kind of steel structure with fire protection exceeds the expected fire resistance time and is not damaged in the fire. The structural fire protection of buildings is generally easier to solve in reinforced concrete structures, while more factors need to be considered in steel structures. The following are two common fire protection measures:. One is the use of imported new fireproof board-security board; The second is to adopt thick or thin fireproof coating according to different parts of the steel structure, and add decorative paint to the exposed parts.

Anticorrosion of Architectural Design in (II) Steel Structure

If the steel is exposed to the outdoors for a long time and is eroded by natural forces such as wind and rain, it will inevitably rust and age, its own bearing capacity will decrease, and the beauty of the building will also be affected. Therefore, the anti-corrosion problem is also a common problem to be solved in the design of steel structure buildings. The current practice is mainly to use new anti-corrosion and structural materials. In the actual architectural design, designers make special requirements for the designed buildings in the steel structure buildings, such as painting anti-rust paint, fire retardant paint. The general method of fire retardant coating is to brush red Dan antirust primer for two degrees first, and then brush steel structure topcoat for two degrees (the color of topcoat shall be determined by Party A). In addition, there are certain requirements for the construction of steel structure components of steel structure buildings, for example, the components are coated with Hongdan antirust primer before leaving the factory. After the steel structure is installed and adjusted, it is cleaned, and then one primer and two topcoats are applied. However, although there are various types of anti-corrosion coatings, the more effective anti-corrosion coatings still need foreign imports. I think with the enhancement of China's comprehensive national strength, China will produce more excellent new anti-corrosion coatings.

Architectural Physics in (III) Steel Structures

(1) Insulation. The thermal radiation of the external environment to the building mainly affects the thermal environment of the building from two aspects: one is to enter the room through the window and be absorbed by the indoor surface, resulting in the heating effect; the other is to be absorbed by the surface of the building envelope, and part of the heat gradually enters the room through the heat conduction of the building envelope. Because the glass can let the sunlight directly into the room to rapidly increase the room temperature, especially with the continuous emergence of new glass materials, the thermal performance of glass is gradually improved, the contradiction between building lighting and building insulation has been increasingly diluted, "shielding" and "barrier" to balance. Therefore, the insulation measures of the building are mainly concentrated on the outer envelope structure, and there are two effective solutions to this:

1) Develop and optimize the structure of thermal insulation materials to improve the thermal environment performance of buildings. For example, in the air layer of the inner and outer surface or outer structure of the building, the use of high-efficiency reflective materials can reflect most of the infrared rays back, so that the building has the effect of heat preservation and heat insulation; in addition, the use of high-efficiency energy-saving glass, Silicon aerogel, new energy-saving wall materials, to achieve the purpose of energy saving.

2) to prevent the insulation material condensation water external insulation and intermediate insulation practice. The insulation material is protected from moisture due to the infiltration and accumulation of steam. The principle of internal insulation insulation material may be affected with damp in winter, and external insulation can avoid the main load-bearing structure from the violent fluctuation of outdoor temperature, thus improving its durability. External insulation method requires higher internal insulation and intermediate insulation on the outer surface of the protective layer, while the outer surface is made of dense materials with high strength, and the treatment of the facing layer is relatively simple.

(2) Sound absorption. In some building halls, especially in concert halls, the reflection sound increased by the ceiling reflection board reaches both ears of the audience almost at the same time, lacking the surrounding feeling brought by the side reflection. In the design of such buildings, it is necessary to consider the use of materials, including sound absorption performance and decoration, strength, fire prevention, moisture absorption, processing and other aspects. At present, the solutions widely used in sound quality design and noise control are sound-absorbing materials and sound-absorbing structures.

1) Sound-absorbing material: The material itself has sound-absorbing properties. Such as glass wool, rock wool and other fibers or porous materials have good sound absorption properties, due to the viscous resistance of air, air molecules and pore wall friction, so that the sound energy into frictional heat and sound absorption.

2) Sound absorption structure: The material itself may not have sound absorption characteristics, but the material is made into a certain structure to produce sound absorption. Such as perforated gypsum board ceiling.

(3) Sound insulation. Noise is inseparable from buildings, and the prevention and control of noise pollution has become an important part of architectural acoustics. Noise planning, noise control and other theories have gradually evolved. The sounds that people can hear belong to the category of sound environment. One can hear conversation, birdsong, music, spring water ding dong, singing, etc.; but one can also hear noise such as noise, the roar of machines, the roar of vehicles, etc. However, there are mainly quiet rooms, such as recording studios, studios, hotel rooms, residential bedrooms and other buildings have very high requirements for sound insulation and vibration isolation, and special acoustic design is required. For hotels, public buildings, residential people are also more and more attention to the requirements of quiet. And as close as possible to the sound source, will improve the sound insulation effect. Generally, the outer wall of the sound insulation room uses materials or structures with good sound insulation performance, such as brick, concrete, gypsum board wall, etc., the observation part uses sound insulation windows, and the entry and exit part uses sound insulation doors or sound absorption fans. Steel structure design Shandong steel structure design Jinan steel structure design www.csteel.cn

The following three observations and conclusions can be drawn from the above discussion in this paper:

(1) Steel structure building design should be based on different specific conditions and focus, a good architectural design, must be the integration of image conception and structure conception.

(2) steel structure building technology content is very high, the structure itself is often architectural performance, steel structure performance and technology is not only the necessary means to realize the image of the idea, and the impact of the building image is extremely significant, which determines the structure of the idea is the key to the success of the image idea.

(3) the progress of science and technology, the change of aesthetic view will inevitably make the steel structure building continue to expand its own expression vocabulary and seek development. What we advocate is: put aside the elements of style, starting from structural rationalism, absorbing the essence from many modern and traditional styles and schools, and creating a high-quality steel structure building with organic integration of technology and art.